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ST7 - 8-bit Microcontrollers
A single Plate Induction Cooker with ST7FLITE09
Application Note
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(1591 kb)
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(44 kb)
Last Updated: 23/02/2007
Pages: 39
Related Datasheets
8-bit microcontroller with single voltage Flash memory, data EEPROM, ADC, timers, SPI
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AN2383 Application note
A single plate induction cooker with ST7FLITE09
Introduction
This application note describes ST's Induction Cooking Evaluation Board which can be used to evaluate ST components or to get started quickly with your own induction cooking development project. Induction cooking is not a radically new invention; it has been widely used all around the world. With recent improvements in technology and the consequent reduction of component costs, Induction Cooking equipment is now more affordable than ever. The evaluation board provides a chance to understand how an induction cooker works and to make an in depth examination of the various blocks and parts of this type of cooking application such as the driving topology, how the resonant tank works, how the pot gets hot and how to remove it safely from the cooking element. The board is entirely controlled by a simple ST7FLITE09 8-bit microcontroller, which provides the PWM driving signals, the user interface and drives the fan and relay control to the plate feedback. The complete single plate evaluation board runs with 1.5 KBytes of C code.
February 2007
Rev 2
1/40
www.st.com
Contents
AN2383
Contents
1 2 3 Induction heating basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mains, DC Link Voltage and Zero Voltage switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Isolated power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Power stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Feedbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MCU pin configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4
How the system works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 4.2 4.3 Stand-by (system off) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 System on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Safety relay and fan management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5
Measurements at 50 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Stand-by (system off) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Powering the plate (without pot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Powering the plate (with pot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Working level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Working level 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Real-time current adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Removing the pot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6
Measurements at PWM frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Powering the plate (with pot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Working level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Working level 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Current waveform at 50 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7
Alarm management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2/40
AN2383
Contents
8
User interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.1 8.2 Keyboard schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Display schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9 10 11 12 13 14
Software management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Thermal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Evaluation board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 References and related materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3/40
List of tables
AN2383
List of tables
Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Bill of material (Part 1 of 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Bill of material (Part 2 of 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bill of material (Part 3 of 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4/40
AN2383
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Induction Cooking evaluation board block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mains and +325 Volt DC link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Isolated power supply, 5 and 15 Volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 L6384 IGBTs driver and power stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Current peak, current phase and alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MCU pin configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 System in stand-by mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Plate power-on (without pot on the plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Plate power-on (with pot on the plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 System working at level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 System working at level 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Plate power-on (with pot on the plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 System working at level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 System working at level 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Current waveform at 50 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The analog keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Display circuitry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The six most important software events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Evaluation board (no cooking plate connected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 User interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Resonant capacitors (in blue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Reverse angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5/40
Induction heating basics
AN2383
1
Induction heating basics
Put simply, an induction cooking element (what on a gas stove would be called a "burner") is a special kind of transformer. When a sufficiently-large piece of magnetically conducting material such as, for example, a cast-iron frying pan, is placed in the magnetic field created by the cooking element, the field transfers (induces) energy into the metal. That transferred energy causes the metal - the cooking vessel - to become hot. By controlling the intensity of the magnetic field, we can control the amount of heat being generated in the cooking vessel and we can change that amount instantaneously. Induction cooking has several advantages over traditional methods of cooking:
Speed: conductive heat transfer to the food is very direct because the cookware is heated uniformly and from within. Induction cooking is even faster than gas cooking; Safety: there are no open flames. This reduces the chances of fire and the cold stove top is also more child safe; Efficiency: is around 90%. heat is generated directly in the pot, while for electric and gas the efficiency is around 65% and 55% respectively due to heat transfer loss.
Induction cooking functions based on the principle of the series L-C resonant circuit, where the inductance L is the cooking element itself. By changing the switching frequency of the high voltage half-bridge driver, the alternating current flowing through the cooking element changes its value. The intensity of the magnetic field and therefore the heating energy can be controlled this way.
6/40
AN2383
Block diagram
2
Figure 1.
Block diagram
Induction Cooking evaluation board block diagram
USER INTERFACE
FAN PLATE DRIVER 2x IGBTs
MCU ST7LITE RELAY POWER SUPPLY 5 / 15V
PLATE FEEDBACK
AI12605
The Induction Cooking evaluation board consists of a small number of simple blocks. The isolated power supply is obtained directly from the mains, 220 V AC 50 Hz. 15 volts are used to supply the IGBT driver, fan, relay and feedback circuitry, while 5 volts are needed to supply the rest of the ICs, including the MCU. The ST7FLITE09 microcontroller controls the whole process and communicates with the user interface (buttons and display), drives the fan and the relay, receives feedback from the cooking element (referred to in this document as "plate" for simplicity) and generates the PWM signal to drive the IGBTs.
7/40
Schematic
AN2383
3
Schematic
Although the schematic is not very complex, this section presents the different parts as separate topics:
Mains, DC link and zero voltage switching Isolated power supply Power stage Feedbacks MCU pin configuration
The user interface schematic is not presented in this section. It is discussed and analyzed in Section 8.
3.1
Figure 2.
FS T1 NEUTRA L 1 2 C1 1F 275V X2 FST2 LI N E 1 2 FS T3 EA RT H 1 2
Mains, DC Link Voltage and Zero Voltage switching
Mains and +325 Volt DC link
ACN RV1 R1 1 470K 2 460V 1W L1 2 C5 3n3Y1 C4 7 1F 1F 3 +15 V R4 6 C 3 275VX2 275VX2 4 8K2 1 5 3n3Y1 ACL 8 D1 DL1 TDKFT2510H _ RL1 12V 1N 4 007 LED 16A 250VAC RELAY Q3 BC 33 7 R2 R3 4 K7 10K 4 3 C2 R6 220K R7 220K + ~ D2 25A R8 270K R9 8K2
+325V
TP14 R11 4K3 R12 4K3 R10 R13 4K7 4K3 +5V R16 2K2
RV 2 275V R5 470K 1W
50H z
~ -
VLINK
C6 22nF
R14 R15 R17 D13 4K3 4K3 4K3 1N 4007 14 2 A CL 3 I S O2 PC 817 TP17
AI12612
The mains is filtered and is not applied directly to the power diode bridge: for safety reasons, it goes through a relay. This means that the DC link voltage is not applied to the IGBT while the system is off. The 14 V DC relay is driven by the MCU through a classic NPN transistor. A LED is also present. When the system is on - and the AC line is applied to the power diode bridge - the IGBTs are supplied with +325V. The resistive divider sends an image of the DC link voltage to the MCU (label VLINK). The last part of the schematic is an isolated zero voltage switching (ZVS): a square waveform at 50 Hz synchronized with the Mains (label 50 Hz).
8/40
AN2383
Schematic
3.2
Figure 3.
Isolated power supply
Isolated power supply, 5 and 15 Volt
L3 3 30H AC L D15 PKC- 13 6 4 8 ~ + ~ D16 1,5A 76 5 4 R2 9 10 2 D1 4 BA R4 6 1 3 Source2 Drain4 Source1 Drain3 Drain2 Drain1 3
T1 TRONIC 8
D10 ST PS2H 100
+1 5V
TP 15 R3 0 n. c. + C26 33 0F 35V +15V U6 L7805CV
5 +15V
+5 V
TP 16
VDD FB
C4 1 2 n2Y
R3 8 1K
R4 7 24K
1 VI N VO UT 3 GN D 2 C27 33 0nF C2 8 100 nF
AC N
C22 + 10F 400V
C2 3 + 10F 400V
2
1 U4 VI Per 2 2A
3 1 IS O1 815 + C25 10F 35V C4 0 22 nF
4 2
R3 9 1K C2 4 R4 6 100nF 4K 7 + R4 8 4K 7
U5 T L4 3 1 I
C3 8 10 0F 35 V
C2 9 10 F 16 V
+
F
AI12611
The isolated power supply is connected immediately after the Mains filtering, without passing through the safety relay. A VIPer22A and a simple voltage regulator provide 15 and 5 Volts respectively. The power supply ground isolated from the system ground.
9/40
Schematic
AN2383
3.3
Figure 4.
Power stage
L6384 IGBTs driver and power stage
PLATE
FS T4 SCREW L2 80 H STGY40NC6 0VD STGY40 NC 60V D FST5 SCRE W T2 TDKCT034 1: 20 0 4 1 3 Q1 R2 2 11R R2147R R2 0 10 K Q2 C36 47nF C15 1F 8 IN V 7 BOOT HVG VCC 6 V DT/S D 5 OUT LV G GND U2 L6384 R24 47R 1 2 3 4 R2 6 220K 2 D8 STTH102 D17 STTH102 D18 ST TH102 R27 1K
1
1
+3 25V
+15V
C11 680n 800V TR1 R19 15K E 470K . 1W C10 3F 4 00V
C13 33nF 800V
PWM0
R25 D9 11R STTH102
C12 680 nF 800V C14 33nF 8 00V
C16 + C17 10F 2n2 35V
C37 47nF
R28 4K7
R23 10K
AI12613
The +325 V DC link voltage is applied through a filter to the upper side IGBT only when the safety relay is closed and the system is on. Components inside the dotted rectangle are the core part of the power stage: the L-C resonant tank is obtained by the plate (represented in the schematic by a spiral) and the capacitors on the left side. The resonant capacitor has been divided in two identical capacitors, so that the amount of current flowing through each capacitor is reduced by half, while the voltage to the capacitors remains the same. A current transformer has been placed in series with the plate in order to provide plate feedback information to the MCU. The IGBTs are driven by high frequency complementary square waves with 50% duty cycle. The PWM0 signal applied to the driver input pin is generated directly by the MCU. The frequency varies in a range between 19 kHz and 60 kHz. For more information regarding the dead time, charging pump capacitor and driving topology, please refer to the L6384 datasheet.
10/40
AN2383
Schematic
3.4
Figure 5.
Feedbacks
Current peak, current phase and alarm
+15V +15V
T2 TDK_CT03 4 1:200 41 3 2
D4 STTH102 R18 100R D6 STTH102 R31 33R 1W
R41 100K
D7 D5 STTH102 STTH102 +5 V NTC4 47K R69 100K
NTC2 PT1000
C31 TP19 R37 100nF 58 10K TMP2 + 7 6 4 R40 R44 U3B LM 258 62K 1M
R32 R68 2K 7 1K TM P1 C4 4 10nF R33 C18 n.c. 22nF
I- CTRL
R34 1K8
R35 2K 2 R36 4K 7
Temperature control for plate with PT1000 sensors +15V +15V C21 TP20 TP 18 100nF R45 8 PT1 12K 3 ALARM 1 + 50K 2 U3A 4 C19 LM 258 22nF Ala rm management C20 TH 1 22 nF 110
AI12610
Feedback signals are output by the current transformer placed in series with the plate, and temperature sensors. The most important feedback is the current signal (label I-CTRL), which sends the MCU an image of the current flowing through the plate. This signal is used to monitor the current and set it in accordance with the selected working level. In addition, the signal coming from the current transformer is sent to an operational amplifier. If for any reason the current increases too much, exceeding the alarm threshold set by the potentiometer, the MCU immediately takes action to prevent damage to the power stage. A NTC has been glued to the heatsink between the IGBTs. The signal is sent to the MCU to monitor the heatsink temperature and drive the fan accordingly. In the same way, a PT1000 is placed in the middle of the plate to monitor the plate temperature. The signal is amplified and sent to the MCU for processing. Waveforms and a description of how these signals interact with the MCU are given in Section 5: Measurements at 50 Hz on page 15.
11/40
Schematic
AN2383
3.5
Figure 6.
MCU pin configuration
MCU pin configuration
+15V J8 FA N D3 1 N4007 1 2
C3 0 + 1 00F 35 V
+5 V 1 +5V R50 10K R 49 100 TP 6 TP 7 TP 8 TP 9 TP 10 2 3 4
Q5 STS5 N F 60L 8 7 6 5 Fan control
C 35 2 20F 1 6V
+
E xternalI nterr upt request: PA0 -16 - ei0 - ALARM U1 ST 7F L ITE 09 PA7 - 9 - ei1 - 50Hz 1V SS 2V DD 3 R E SET
TP12
C8 100nF
ei0 AL AR M PA0 (HS)/LTIC 1 6 DATA 15 PA 1(HS) PWM0 SCLK / LE +5V
TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 TP5
I - C T RL KE YS TMP1 TMP2 VL I NK R 51 1M
PA 2(HS)/ATPWMO 1 4 4 SS / A I N0/ PB0 PA 3 (HS) 1 3 5 SCK/AIN 1/PB1 PA 4 (HS) 1 2 6 MISO /A IN 2/ PB 2 PA 5 (HS)/ICCDATA 1 1 7 MOS I/A IN 3/ PB 3 8 CLKI N/AI N4 /PB4 PA6/MC O/ICCCLK 1 0 PA7 9 e i1 C9 10 nF
+5V
R5 2 10K 2 4 6 8 10 1 3 5 7 9 J7 C ON10A I CC Programmer AI12608
50Hz TP11 R E LAY
TP13
Rese t Pin Hints: R51 is mandatory if residual voltage is still on Reset Pin. R52 is not mandatory, its functionality has to be checked dur ing tests.
The ST7FLITE09 microcontroller controls the whole Induction Cooking system. It can be incircuit programmed (ICP) via the standard 10-pin connector mounted on the board. Star ting from the left, going clockwise, the first input is the VLINK. It comes from the power diode bridge and it is an image of the DC link voltage applied to the upper side IGBT. Read as analog input, this signal is used by the MCU to detect when the pot is placed on the plate or if it is removed. TMP1 and TMP2 provide the MCU with the temperature information coming from the heatsink and plate respectively. KEYS is an analog input read by the internal A/D converter of the MCU and it is connected to the keyboard in the user interface. The keyboard features 3 buttons. In order to save MCU pins, a smart schematic has been adopted, so that just one input pin is needed to read all the keys. The I-CTRL feedback is processed as analog input. It is an image of the current flowing through the plate.
12/40
AN2383
Schematic ALARM has to be sent to the MCU as fast as possible, that's why this input has been configured as an external interrupt. As soon as an alarm occurs, the MCU jumps immediately to the alarm management routine so it can rapidly take the necessary actions. DATA, SCLK and /LE are used to drive the 8-bit constant current LED sink driver present in the user interface board. In this way, MCU can address a 7-segment display using only 3 pins. PWM0 generates a PWM signal with a 50% duty cycle. It is sent directly to the IGBT driver. Depending on the working level (and therefore on the power required), the frequency of the square waveform varies in a range between 19 and 60 kHz. RELAY and FAN drive the safety relay in the Mains circuitry and the fan respectively. The fan is used to cool the heatsink next to the IGBTs and the power diode bridge. The last pin, 50 Hz, is configured as an external interrupt. It is synchronized with the voltage Mains and, every 10 ms, it captures the moment when the AC voltage crosses zero.
13/40
How the system works
AN2383
4
4.1
How the system works
Stand-by (system off)
As soon as the Induction Cooking evaluation board is plugged to the mains, the system is running and the MCU goes into stand-by mode, or put simply, "system off". No controls or actions are taken, only the keyboard is scanned to capture a "button pressed" event. The display shows "-". In this status, putting or removing a pot from the plate has no impact on the system functionality. The safety relay contacts are open, so no DC link voltage is applied to the resonant tank.
4.2
System on
The system is turned on by pressing the on-off button (the first on the left in the user interface). Each time it is switched on the Induction Cooking board performs a sequence: safety relay first, then plate power-on. The safety relay contacts close, which applies the DC link voltage to the resonant tank. At this point, the system temporarily powers-on the plate: a 60 kHz PWM signal is applied to the half bridge driver for half a second. During this time, if a pot is placed on the plate, or it is there already, the system moves to the lowest operating power level, shown as "1" in the user interface display. If however, no pot is detected on the plate, the system stops the PWM signal. Another power-on sequence is performed after 10 seconds. After 5 unsuccessful power-on sequences, the system goes back to stand-by mode. When the PWM signal is applied to the half bridge driver, the decimal point in the user interface display turns on. Once a pot is detected, the user can move through 9 working power levels by pressing the buttons in the user interface. 1 is the lowest level, and 9 is the maximum.
4.3
Safety relay and fan management
The safety relay prevents the DC link voltage being applied to the resonant tank when the system is off. The relay contacts are connected in series with the plate, and they close when the system is turned on. To prevent oscillation or undesired relay commutations, an antibounce software routine has been implemented. The relay turns off when the system turns off. The fan helps the heatsink dissipate the heat while the system is working. It is turned on as soon as the heatsink temperature reaches 55 C. The fan stays on for at least one minute, no matter if the system is on, or in stand-by mode.
14/40
AN2383
Measurements at 50 Hz
5
Measurements at 50 Hz
The following oscilloscope waveforms have been taken during the different operating phases. These signals are synchronized with the voltage Mains, therefore running at 50 Hz frequency.
5.1
Stand-by (system off)
Figure 7. System in stand-by mode
MAINS ZVS
VLIN K
I - CTRL
In stand-by mode, the zero voltage crossing signal is the only active one. The square wave is sent to the MCU and used to synchronize all the events. VLINK, an image of the DC link voltage (not yet applied to the plate), is constant. No current flows through the plate.
15/40
Measurements at 50 Hz
AN2383
5.2
Powering the plate (without pot)
Figure 8. Plate power-on (without pot on the plate)
MAINS ZVS
VLIN K
PDT
I - CTRL
The DC link voltage is applied to the plate and the PWM signal is applied to the half bridge driver for half a second. Due to the resonant tank consumption, a voltage drop appears on the VLINK signal. The voltage drop is read by the MCU to detect if a pot is present on the plate. No pot is on the plate, so the voltage drop is not big enough to exceed the pot detection threshold (PDT), set by software at 500 mV. The PWM signal is stopped, and the powering sequence is repeated after a break of 10 seconds. Powering the plate continuously in order to detect a pot would result in an increase in power consumption. However no parts would blow or get damaged. The break of 10 seconds, between one powering sequence and another, reduces the power consumption, while keeping full functionality and pot control.
16/40
AN2383
Measurements at 50 Hz
5.3
Powering the plate (with pot)
Figure 9. Plate power-on (with pot on the plate)
MAINS ZVS
VLINK
PDT
I - CTRL
The DC link voltage is applied to the plate and the PWM signal is applied to the half bridge driver for half a second. Due to the resonant tank consumption, a voltage drop appears on the VLINK signal. The voltage drop is read by the MCU to detect if a pot is present on the plate. In this case, the pot is on the plate and the voltage drop high enough to exceed the pot detection threshold (PDT), set by software at 500 mV. A certain current is now flowing through the plate. The pot is detected, so the system can move to the first working level, named level 1. Figure 9 has been taken while a 22 cm diameter iron pot filled with water was placed on the plate.
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Measurements at 50 Hz
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5.4
Working level 1
Figure 10. System working at level 1
MAINS
ZVS
VLINK
I - CTRL
As soon as the pot is detected, the system moves to level 1, the lowest power working level. The PWM signal applied changes accordingly. The lower the working level, the higher the PWM frequency applied to the half bridge driver, and vice versa. I-CTRL signal is an image of the current flowing through the plate and it is sent to the MCU by the current transformer placed in series with the plate. Since the system is working properly, there must be a certain current flowing through the plate as the I-CTRL waveform shows in the Figure 10. Even if we are talking about current, the waveform unit is expressed in volts and processed by the MCU as a voltage level. Figure 10 has been taken while a 22 cm diameter iron pot filled with water was placed on the plate.
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Measurements at 50 Hz
5.5
Working level 9
Figure 11. System working at level 9
MAINS ZVS
VLINK
I - CTRL
At level 9, the system delivers the maximum output power. I-CTRL rises up accordingly. Figure 11 has been taken while a 22 cm diameter iron pot filled with water was placed on the plate.
5.6
Real-time current adjustment
As seen, the Induction Cooking board works on the principle of a series L-C resonant circuit. When the size of L and C are set, the resonant frequency is set as well. Unfortunately, this value does not depend only on the resonant tank. In fact, the size and material of the pot affect the resonant frequency too. This causes the system to have an oscillating resonant frequency strongly depending on the type of pot placed on the plate at different times. Therefore the 9 working levels cannot be based on constant frequency levels. The PWM frequency must be adjusted to the selected level in order to work with the pot placed on the plate at that moment. So each working level does not work on a constant PWM frequency, but a constant current. By reading the I-CTRL feedback signal, the MCU smoothly adjusts the PWM frequency in order to keep the current constant for the selected working level. Each level has a corresponding constant value of current.
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Measurements at 50 Hz
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5.7
Removing the pot
A pot placed on the plate may be removed at any time, including when the system is working. As seen before, the voltage drop present in the VLINK signal determines whether a pot is placed on the plate or not. The VLINK signal is captured continuously while system is working. Lifting the pot up from the plate causes the voltage drop in the VLINK signal to decrease. As soon as the voltage drop rises up over the pot detection threshold (PDT), the MCU recognizes that the pot has been removed. The PWM signal is not stopped at once, but smoothly increased until the 50 kHz frequency is reached, and then stopped. This procedure avoids current spikes on the resonant tank line and prevents the power stage blowing or getting damaged. At this point, the system is still on, without a pot on the plate. MCU powers-on the plate 5 times with a break of 10 seconds between one powering sequence and the other. If no pot is placed back on the plate during this time, the system goes back to stand-by mode. This feature is very useful in cases where the user removes the pot and forgets to turn off the Induction Cooking board.
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Measurements at PWM frequency
6
Measurements at PWM frequency
The following scope waveforms have been taken during the different working phases. These signals are synchronized with the PWM signal, therefore running at PWM signal frequency. Figure 12 and Figure 13 have been taken while a 22 cm diameter iron pot filled with water was placed on the plate.
6.1
Powering the plate (with pot)
Figure 12. Plate power-on (with pot on the plate)
PV M
UP-G
LW-G
I - PLATE
The DC link voltage is applied to the plate and the 60 kHz PWM signal with 50% duty cycle is applied to the half bridge driver for half a second. UP-G and LW-G are the upper side gate signal and the lower side gate signal respectively. Of course they must be complementary and there must be a certain dead time between the upper gate pulse and the lower one. The dead time is set by hardware (L6384, resistor on pin 3). Since the pot is on the plate, a certain current starts to flow through the plate (I-PLATE). The unit in the Figure 12 is expressed in volts, but the current probe connected to the scope is set at 20 amperes per division. It means that at plate power-on the system is already delivering a 20 ampere peak-to-peak current.
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Measurements at PWM frequency
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6.2
Working level 1
Figure 13. System working at level 1
PV M
UP-G
LW-G
I - PLATE
Level 1 is the first and the lowest power working level. The PWM signal frequency, previously set to 60 kHz, smoothly decreases until the working current for level 1 is reached. As seen before, PWM frequency is not constant and it is adjusted in real-time to keep the current level constant. Natural changes such as the iron dilatation or the water warming up, slightly modify the resonant frequency and therefore the current delivered. For the 22 cm diameter iron pot used for the test, level 1 means a PWM frequency around 48,5 kHz, but variations of several kilohertz are possible and necessary in order to keep the current level constant. In this test, level 1 features a 40 ampere peak-to-peak current (I-PLATE, 20 ampere per division).
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Measurements at PWM frequency
6.3
Working level 9
Figure 14. System working at level 9
PVM
UP-G
LW-G
I - PLATE
Level 9 is the highest working level, with the system delivering maximum output power. To increase output power, the PWM frequency has to be decreased. Moving up or down the working levels corresponds to a smooth increasing or decreasing the PWM frequency, until the current level for the selected working level is reached. For the 22 cm diameter iron pot used for the tests, level 9 means a PWM frequency around 25,0 kHz and a corresponding 100 ampere peak-to-peak current (I-PLATE, 50 ampere per division).
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Measurements at PWM frequency
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6.4
Current waveform at 50 Hz
Figure 15. Current waveform at 50 Hz
The previous waveforms in Section 6.1 through Section 6.3 the signals were shown at PWM frequency. Now, if we keep the system working and increase the scope time scale to have a look at 50 Hz frequency, the shape of the current delivered to the plate gets different. As shown in Figure 15, in phase with the Mains, the current peak changes following the 50 Hz frequency, while the current switching frequency runs at the PWM frequency. The result is a double wave with a 100 ampere peak-to-peak current (20 ampere per division). With a 22 cm diameter iron pot on the plate, the system is delivering about 2500 Watt.
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Alarm management
7
Alarm management
The alarm circuitry is necessary for monitoring any possible malfunctions, and to prevent the IGBTs, the driver, or any other circuitry from blowing or getting damaged. The evaluation board features 4 different alarms: over temperature on heatsink (H), over temperature on the plate (t), over current (C), wrong pot on the plate (P). An alarm is generated when the heatsink temperature exceeds 115 C, or when the plate reaches a temperature of 200 C. If for any reason the current flowing through the plate goes over the limit, an alarm occurs. In the same way, while in the power-on sequence, if a non-magnetically conducting material is placed on the plate, an alarm occurs. In alarm condition, the PWM frequency is immediately set to 30 kHz, and then smoothly increased to 50 kHz. The system is put in stand-by mode and the display shows which alarm occurred (refer to the letters in brackets).
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User interface
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8
User interface
The user interface has been implement on a second PCB vertically soldered on the front side of the Induction Cooking evaluation board. It features a 3-button keyboard and a 7segment display.
8.1
Keyboard schematic
Figure 16. The analog keyboard
P3 1 TA CT-2
4
P2 4 TA CT-2
1
P1 1 TA CT-2
4
+5 .V 2 3 3 2 2 3
R5 7 1K
R5 6 10K
R5 5 10K R5 8 1K
R5 4 10 K
C3 4 KEYS 10 nF
2V62 WHEN P1 PRESSED 5V00 WHEN P2 PRESSED 0V24 WHEN P3 PRESSED 1V78 WHEN NO KEY PRESSED
AI12607
The keyboard has been designed with the primary intention of saving MCU pins. The KEYS pin is directly connected to the analog input pin of the ST7FLITE09. The keys are placed in parallel with resistors, this means that every time a key is pressed, it short circuits its own resistor (P2 two resistors). This causes the voltage on the KEYS pin to change as show in Figure 16. Every individual keyboard status has its own related voltage level. The analog to digital converter of the MCU reads the status of the pin every 20 milliseconds. Software sets a key-window for each key in the range of 0.5 V: for example, P2 is pressed if the voltage applied to the KEYS pin is higher than 4.5 V. If of two or even all keys are pressed together, there is an automatic priority selection. For example, P2 has the highest priority. This is because this key, when pressed, connects the KEYS pin directly to +5V without passing through any resistor. In addition, if the voltage applied to the KEYS pin doesn't fit any key-window, the voltage is ignored and no action is taken.
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User interface
8.2
Display schematic
Figure 17. Display circuitry
J12 CON6 6 5 4 3 2 1 +5.V J9 CON6 6 5 4 3 2 1
+5.V
C3 2 10 0nF
+5.V
J13 CON6 1 2 3 4 5 6
DATA SCLK /L E
J10 CON6 1 2 3 4 5 6
U7 STP08C 596 1 DATA SCLK /LE 2 3 4 5 GND SDI CLK LE OUT0 OUT1 OUT2 OUT3 VDD R-EX T SDO OE OUT7 OUT6 OUT5 OUT4 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 R5 3 10 K
J14 CON12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
KEYS
J11 CON12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 7 KEYS 8
DY1 Co mm on Anode Display 9 7 +5.V 5 4 d c b a A1 e f g dp A2 10 2 1 6 8
Fo r mechanical robustness only.
Sy stem Board Connectors
3
+ C3 3 100F 16V
DIS PLAY AI12606
Although the initial design approach was to implement a user interface with a couple of classic LEDs, finally the introduction of an 8-bit constant current LED sink driver in the display circuitry improved the user interface, making it more friendly while still keeping the number of used MCU pins relatively low. STP08C596 needs just 3 pins to drive the display properly: DATA, SCLK, and /LE. The display refreshing frequency is set at 50 Hz. Since the driver keeps the output signals latched until the next refresh is performed, a lower frequency would not cause any flickering. The display luminosity is set by an external resistor. Connectors are duplicated just for mechanical robustness, left side connectors are paralleled to the right ones.
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Software management
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9
Software management
The MCU has to process six types of event: pot on plate detection, temperature, keyboard scan, display refresh and current control. These events are processed every 20 milliseconds; in fact, they are synchronized with the zero voltage switching signal. The ZVS circuitry generates a square wave with a frequency of 50 Hz. The signal is sent to the ei1 MCU pin, which is configured as an external interrupt input for both rising and falling edges. Therefore, an MCU interrupt is generated every time a falling edge or a rising edge occurs on the pin. Figure 18. The six most important software events
1 3 2 4 5 6
The first event, shown in Figure 18 as number 1, takes place as soon as the interrupt triggered by a rising edge on the ZVS signal occurs. Pot on plate detection is performed by sampling the voltage drop on the VLINK signal during this time. Before another interrupt occurs, there is still a lot of time to handle three other events. Events 2 and 3 monitor the temperature of the heatsink and the plate respectively. During event number 4, the keyboard is scanned to check if a key has been pressed (or released). A software anti-bounce has been implemented to avoid undesired conditions. Event number 5 takes place immediately after the interrupt generated by a falling edge of the ZVS signal occurs. The display refresh routine is performed. During the last event, number 6, the I-CTRL signal is scanned and compared to the look-uptable that the software refers to for each working level. If any discrepancy appears between
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AN2383
Software management the sampled value and the table, the MCU adjusts the PWM frequency. The adjustment process is performed step-by-step each period, resulting in a smooth current change. The dotted lines in Figure 18 indicate the sequence the routines are performed in, but not the precise timing. Events 2 and 3 together last less than 1 ms, and a similar time is needed for event 5.
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Thermal conditions
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10
Thermal conditions
The Induction Cooking evaluation board can deliver up to 2500 W at its maximum working level. The IGBTs need to be mounted on a heatsink, the power diode bridge as well. Test made in laboratory conditions demonstrate that even delivering the maximum power for long time, the temperature of the components does not exceed the safe working area. The board was placed in an open space without a enclosure. In a real application, the board has to be placed inside a box. Moreover, to save space the plate is usually placed over the circuitry. Therefore the heat dissipated by the heatsink has no easy way out, and the cooking process makes things even worse. The heatsink is no longer sufficient to dissipate the heat. For this reason, a fan has been implemented in the system which is driven directly by the MCU. Tests have demonstrated that while delivering the maximum power, the temperature reaches a stable value below 90 C, which still can be considered as safe. The fan starts as soon as the temperature on the heatsink reaches 55 C. The fan stays on for at least one minute, no matter if the system is on, or in stand-by mode. Fan management can be modified by software. A NTC mounted directly on the heatsink, between the IGBTs, improves the control efficiency. Working as a thermostat controlled by MCU, the sensor turns the fan on or off when necessary. Any increase in the Induction Cooking board performance (for instance if higher output power is required), would result mainly in a adapting the cooling system, resizing the heatsink, using a more powerful fan, or both. The system itself is able to handle a power of up to 3000 Watts.
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AN2383
Bill of material
11
Bill of material
Table 1.
Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Bill of material (Part 1 of 3)
Quantity 2 1 3 1 2 4 6 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 8 1 1 1 1 3 2 8 4 1 C30, C38 C33 C1, C4, C5 C15 C2, C3, C41 C6, C18, C19, C20 C8, C21, C24, C28, C31, C32 C9, C34, C39 C10 C11, C12 C13, C14 C16 C17, C25, C29 C22, C23 C26 C27, C40 C35 C36, C37 DL1 DY1 D1, D3, D13 D2 Reference 100F 35V 100F 16V 1F 275VAC X2 1F ceramic 3,3nF 250VAC X1 Y1 22nF 50V ceramic 100nF 50V ceramic 10nF 50V ceramic 3F 400V 680nF 1000V 33nF 1000V 2,2nF 50V ceramic 10F 35V 10F 400V 330F 35V 330nF 50V 220F 16V 47nF 50V ceramic LED red d. 3 Com. Anode Display 1N4007 Diode Bridge 25A ST ST ST ST Part Supplier
D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D17, D18 STTH102 D10 D14 D15 D16 FST1, FST2, FST3 FST4, FST5 J1, J2, J4, J5, J9, J10, J12, J13 J3, J6, J11, J14 J7 STPS2H100 BAT46 PKC-136 Diode Bridge 1.5A Faston vertical 6.3mm SCREW CON6 CON12 CON10A
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Bill of material
AN2383
Table 2.
Item 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Bill of material (Part 2 of 3)
Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 3 6 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 5 1 1 J8 L1 L2 L3 NTC1 NTC2 PT1 P1, P2, P3 Q1, Q2 Q3 Q5 R3, R52, R53, R37, R50 R20, R23, R54, R55, R56 RL1 RV1 RV2 R1, R5, R19 R2, R10, R28, R46, R48 R36 R4 R9 R11, R12, R13 R6, R7, R26 R8 R14, R15, R17 R16 R35 R18 R21, R24 R22, R25, R29 R27, R38, R39, R43, R58 R57 R30 Reference Part FAN 12V 1,9W TDK_TF2510H customized 80H SF1-800Y10A-01-PF 330H NTC 47K PT1000 50K vertical TACT-2 normally open STGY40NC60VD BC337 STS5NF60L 10K 5% ¼ W 10K 1% ½ W metal oxide 12V (16A 250VAC) 460V 275V 470K 2W 4K7 5% ¼ W 4K7 1% ½ W metal oxide 8K2 5% ¼ W 8K2 1% ½ W metal oxide 4K3 1% ½ W metal oxide 220K 1% ½ W metal oxide 270K 1% ½ W metal oxide 4K3 1% ½ W metal oxide 2K2 5% ¼ W 2K2 1% ½ W metal oxide 100R 2W 47R 1% ½ W metal oxide 11R 1% ½ W metal oxide 1K 5% ¼ W 1K 1% ½ W metal oxide n. c. ST ST TDK TDK Supplier
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AN2383
Bill of material
Table 3.
Item 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
Bill of material (Part 3 of 3)
Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 19 R31 R32 R33 R34 R40 R41, R42 R44, R51 R45 R47 R49 TH1 TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6, TP7, TP8, TP9, TP10, TP11, TP12, TP13, TP14, TP15, TP16, TP17, TP18, TP19 ISO1, ISO2 TR1 T1 T2 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 Reference 33R 2W 2K7 1% ½ W metal oxide n. c. 1K8 1% ½ W metal oxide 62K 1% ½ W metal oxide 100K 1% ½ W metal oxide 1M 1% ½ W metal oxide 12K 5% ¼ W 24K 1% ½ W metal oxide 100 5% ¼ W thermostat connection Test Point Part Supplier
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PC817 Optocoupler DIP4 1.5KE Customized Trafo TDK_CT034 ST7FLITE09 L6384 LM258 VIPer22A TL431I L7805CV STP08C596 ST TRONIC (CZ) TDK ST ST ST ST ST ST ST
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Evaluation board
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12
Evaluation board
Figure 19. Evaluation board (no cooking plate connected)
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AN2383 Figure 20. User interface
Evaluation board
Figure 21. Resonant capacitors (in blue)
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Evaluation board Figure 22. Reverse angle
AN2383
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AN2383
References and related materials
13
References and related materials
For further information strictly related to the basic functionality of each integrated circuit, please refer to the following documentations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ST7FLITE09 datasheet L6384 datasheet VIPer22A datasheet L7805CV datasheet STGY40NC60VD datasheet STLM258 datasheet STS5NF60L datasheet
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Revision history
AN2383
14
Revision history
Table 4.
Date 05-Sep-2006 22-Feb-2007
Document revision history
Revision 1 2 Initial release. Introduction, Section on page 1, updated Changes
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