AN2768 Application note
LIS331DL 3-axis digital MEMS accelerometer: translates finger taps into actions
Introduction
This document is intended to provide application information for the LIS331DL low-voltage 3-axis digital output linear MEMS accelerometer housed in an LGA package. The LIS331DL is an ultra-compact low-power 3-axis linear accelerometer that includes a sensing element and an IC interface capable taking information from the sensing element and providing the measured acceleration data to external applications via an I2C/SPI serial interface. The sensing element used to detect acceleration is manufactured using a dedicated process developed by ST to produce inertial sensors and actuators in silicon. The IC interface is instead manufactured using a CMOS process that allows a high level of integration to design a dedicated circuit which is factory trimmed to better match the sensing element characteristics. The LIS331DL has a user-selectable full scale of 2 g and 8 g and is capable of measuring accelerations with an output data rate of 100 Hz or 400 Hz. A self-test capability allows the user to check that the system is operating correctly. The device features two independent, highly programmable interrupt sources that can be configured either to generate an inertial wake-up interrupt signal when a programmable acceleration threshold is exceeded along one of the three axes, to detect a free-fall or to recognize single/double click events. Two independent pins can be configured to provide interrupt signals to connected devices. The LIS331DL is available in a plastic SMD package and is designed to operate over a temperature range extending from -40 C to +85 C. The ultra small size and weight of the SMD package make it an ideal choice for handheld portable applications such as cell phones and PDAs, or any other application where reduced package size and weight are required.
June 2008
Rev 1
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Contents
AN2768
Contents
1 Theory of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1 1.2 Single click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Double click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
Register description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 CLICK_CFG (38h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CLICK_SRC (39h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CLICK_THSY_X (3Bh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CLICK_THSZ (3Ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CLICK_TimeLimit (3Dh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CLICK_Latency (3Eh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CLICK_Window (3Fh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CTRL_REG3 [Interrupt CTRL register] (22h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 3.2 3.3 Playing with CLICK_TimeLimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Playing with CLICK_Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Playing with CLICK_Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Single click event with non latched interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Single and double click recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Double click recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Short TimeLimit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Long TimeLimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Short Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Long Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Short Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Long Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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Theory of operation
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1
Theory of operation
The single click and double click recognition functions featured in the LIS331DL help to create a man-machine interface with little software loading. The device can be configured to output an interrupt signal on a dedicated pin when tapped in any direction. If the sensor is exposed to a single input stimulus, it generates an interrupt request on inertial interrupt pin INT1 and/or INT2. A more advanced feature allows the generation of an interrupt request when a double input stimulus with programmable time between the two events is recognized, enabling a mouse button-like functionality. This function can be fully programmed by the user in terms of expected amplitude and timing of the stimuli by means of the dedicated set of registers described in Chapter 2: Register description. The single and double click recognition works independently on the selected output data rate.
1.1
Single click
If the device is configured for single click event detection, an interrupt is generated when the input acceleration on the selected channel exceeds the programmed threshold, and returns below it within a time window defined by the TimeLimit register. If the LIR bit of the CLICK_CFG register is not set, the interrupt is kept high for the duration of the Latency window. If the LIR bit is set, the interrupt is kept high until the CLICK_SRC register is read. Figure 1. Single click event with non latched interrupt
(a)
(b)
In Figure 1(a) the click has been recognized, while in Figure 1(b) the click has not been recognized because the acceleration goes under the threshold after the TimeLimit has expired.
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Theory of operation
1.2
Double click
If the device is configured for double click event detection, an interrupt is generated when, after a first click, a second click is recognized. The recognition of the second click occurs only if the event satisfies the rules defined by the Latency and Windows registers. In particular, after the first click has been recognized, the second click detection procedure is delayed for an interval defined by the Latency register. This means that after the first click has been recognized, the second click detection procedure will start only if the input acceleration exceeds the threshold after the Latency window but before the Window has expired [Figure 2 (a)] or if the acceleration is still above the threshold after the Latency has expired [Figure 3 (b)]. Once the second click detection procedure is initiated, the second click will be recognized with the same rule as the first: the acceleration must return below the threshold before the TimeLimit has expired. Appropriately defining the Latency window is important to avoid unwanted clicks due to spurious bouncing of the input signal. Figure 2. Single and double click recognition
(a)
(b)
Figure 2 illustrates a single click event (a) and a double click event (b). The device is able to distinguish between (a) and (b) by changing the settings of the CLICK_CFG register from single to double click recognition.
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Theory of operation Figure 3. Double click recognition
AN2768
(a)
(b)
In Figure 3(a) the double click event has been correctly recognized, while in Figure 3(b) the interrupt has not been generated because the input acceleration exceeds the threshold after the Window interval has expired.
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Register description
2
2.1
Register description
CLICK_CFG (38h)
Table 1.
-
Register
LIR Double_Z Single_Z Double_Y Single_Y Double_X Single_X
Table 2. LIR
Description Latch interrupt request to CLICK_SRC reg with the CLICK_SRC reg refreshed by reading CLICK_SRC reg. Default value: 0 (0: interrupt request not latched; 1: interrupt request latched) Enable interrupt generation on double click event on Z axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request) Enable interrupt generation on single click event on Z axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request) Enable interrupt generation on double click event on Y axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request) Enable interrupt generation on single click event on Y axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request) Enable interrupt generation on double click event on X axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request) Enable interrupt generation on single click event on X axis. Default value: 0 (0: disable interrupt request; 1: enable interrupt request)
Double_Z Single_Z Double_Y Single_Y Double_X Single_X
Table 3.
Truth table
Single_Z / Y / X 0 1 0 1 0 Single Double Single or double Click output
Double_Z / Y / X 0 0 1 1
2.2
CLICK_SRC (39h)
Table 4.
X
Register
IA Double_Z Single_Z Double_Y Single_Y Double_X Single_X
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Register description
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Table 5.
IA
Description
Interrupt active. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt has been generated; 1: one or more interrupt events have been generated) Double click on Z axis event. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Double Z event has occurred) Single click on Z axis event. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Single Z event has occurred) Double click on Y axis event. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Double Y event has occurred) Single click on Y axis event.Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Single Y event has occurred) Double click on X axis event. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Double X event has occurred) Single click on X axis event. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt; 1: Single X event has occurred) Interrupt active. Default value: 0 (0: no interrupt has been generated; 1: one or more interrupt events have been generated)
Double_Z Single_Z Double_Y Single_Y Double_X Single_X IA
2.3
CLICK_THSY_X (3Bh)
Table 6.
THSy3
Register
THSy2 THSy1 THSy0 THSx3 THSx2 THSx1 THSx0
Table 7.
Description
Click threshold on Y axis. Default value: 0000 Click threshold on X axis. Default value: 0000
THSy3, THSy0 THSx3, THSx0
2.4
CLICK_THSZ (3Ch)
Table 8.
X
Register
X X X THSz3 THSz2 THSz1 THSz0
Table 9.
Description
Click threshold on Z axis. Default value: 0000
THSz3, THSz0
From 0.5g(0001) to 7.5g(1111) with increments of 0.5g. The THSx, THSy and THSz registers define the threshold which is used by the system to start the click detection procedure. The threshold value is expressed over 4 bits as an unsigned number.
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Register description
2.5
CLICK_TimeLimit (3Dh)
Table 10.
Dur7
Register
Dur6 Dur5 Dur4 Dur3 Dur2 Dur1 Dur0
From 0 to 127.5 ms in increments of 0.5 ms. Dur7 through Dur0 define the maximum time interval that can elapse between the start of the click detection procedure (the acceleration on the selected channel exceeds the programmed threshold) and when the acceleration goes back below the threshold.
2.6
CLICK_Latency (3Eh)
Table 11.
Lat7
Register
Lat6 Lat5 Lat4 Lat3 Lat2 Lat1 Lat0
From 0 to 255 ms in increments of 1 msec. Lat7 through Lat0 define the time interval that starts after the first click detection where the click detection procedure is disabled, in cases where the device is configured for double click detection.
2.7
CLICK_Window (3Fh)
Table 12.
Win7
Register
Win6 Win5 Win4 Win3 Win2 Win1 Win0
From 0 to 255 ms in increments of 1 ms. Win7 through Win0 define the maximum interval of time that can elapse after the end of the latency interval in which the click detection procedure can start, in cases where the device is configured for double click detection.
2.8
CTRL_REG3 [Interrupt CTRL register] (22h)
Table 13.
IHL
Register
PP_OD I2CFG2 I2CFG1 I2CFG0 I1CFG2 I1CFG1 I1CFG0
Table 14.
IHL PP_OD
Description
Interrupt active high/low. Default value 0. (0: active high; 1: active low) Push-pull/open drain selection on interrupt pad. Default value 0. (0: push-pull; 1: open drain)
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Register description Table 14.
I2CFG2 I2CFG1 I2CFG0 I1CFG2 I1CFG1 I1CFG0
AN2768 Description (continued)
Data signal on Int2 pad control bits. Default value 000. (see table below) Data signal on Int1 pad control bits. Default value 000. (see table below)
Table 15.
Truth table
I1(2)_CFG1 0 0 1 1 0 1 I1(2)_CFG0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Int1(2) Pad GND FF_WU_1 FF_WU_2 FF_WU_1 or FF_WU_2 Data ready Click interrupt
I1(2)_CFG2 0 0 0 0 1 1
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Examples
3
Examples
The following figures show the click interrupt generation in different conditions. The illustrations have been captured on a PC running the EK302DL GUI interface. The content of the LIS331DL registers have been modified via the dedicated panel of the software interface that allows the user to evaluate all the different settings and features of the click embedded function. In the following examples, only the Y axis has been enabled for the click interrupt generation.
3.1
Playing with CLICK_TimeLimit
Figure 4 shows an acquisition carried out with CLICK_TimeLimit = 02h (1 ms). With this setting, the single click recognition window is short and often the acceleration does not return below the threshold in time. In Figure 5 an acquisition done with CLICK_TimeLimit = FFh (127 ms) is shown. With this setting the single click recognition window is longer, and it is easier for the event to be recognized. Figure 4. Short TimeLimit
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Examples Figure 5. Long TimeLimit
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3.2
Playing with CLICK_Latency
Figure 6 illustrates an acquisition done with CLICK_Latency = 06h (6 ms). With this setting the device recognizes as a click nearly every acceleration peak. In Figure 7 an acquisition carried out with CLICK_Latency = ffh (255 ms) is displayed. With this setting the device recognizes as a click one peak in every two.
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AN2768 Figure 6. Short Latency
Examples
Figure 7.
Long Latency
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Examples
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3.3
Playing with CLICK_Window
In cases of double click recognition, the CLICK _Latency + CLICK_Window defines the maximum distance between two consecutive clicks to be recognized as a double click event. By fixing the latency to avoid spurious bouncing of the signal, one can play with the CLICK_Window as with the "double-click speed" settings of the mouse properties on the PC. Figure 8 shows an acquisition done with CLICK_Window = 10h (10 ms). With this setting the two consecutive peaks of acceleration are too far apart and the second one occurs outside of the Window. In Figure 9 an acquisition carried out with CLICK_Window = ffh (255 ms) is shown. With this setting the device correctly generates the double click interrupt after the second acceleration peak. Figure 8. Short Window
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AN2768 Figure 9. Long Window
Examples
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Revision history
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4
Revision history
Table 16.
Date 24-Jun-2008
Document revision history
Revision 1 Initial release. Changes
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