AN1518 Application note
Designing with the 2.5 A DC-DC converter L5973D
Introduction
The L5973D is a step-down monolithic power switching regulator capable of delivering up to 2.5 A at output voltages from 1.235 V to 35 V. The operating input voltage ranges from 4.4 V to 36 V. It has been designed using BCDV technology and the power switching element is implemented through a P-channel D-MOS transistor. It does not require a bootstrap capacitor, and the duty cycle can range up to 100%. An internal oscillator fixes the switching frequency at 250 kHz. This minimizes the LC output filter. A synchronization pin is available for cases where a higher frequency (up to 500 kHz) is required. Pulse-by-pulse and frequency foldback overcurrent protection offer effective short circuit protection. Other features are voltage feed-forward, protection against feedback disconnection, inhibit and thermal shutdown. The device is housed in an HSOP8 package with exposed pad that helps to reduce the thermal resistance junction-to-ambient (RThj-a) down to approximately 40 C/W. Figure 1. Evaluation board
L5973D (HSOP8) board dimensions: 23x20 mm
Figure 2.
Package
Figure 3.
Pin connection
OUT SYNC INH COMP
1 2 3 4
D98IN955
8 7 6 5
VCC GND VREF FB
HSOP8 - Exposed Pad
January 2008
Rev 4
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Contents
AN1518
Contents
1 Pin functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 3
Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Power supply & voltage reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Voltages monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Oscillator & synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Current protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Error amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 PWM comparator and power stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Inhibit function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Thermal shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4
Additional features and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 4.2 4.3 Feedback disconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Output overvoltage protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Zero load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 6 7 8 9
Closing the loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Error amplifier and compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 LC filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PWM comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Application information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Component selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Layout considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Thermal considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Shor t-circuit protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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Content s
9.5
Application circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10
Application ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Positive buck-boost regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Buck-boost regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Dual output voltage with auxiliary winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Synchronization example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Compensation network with MLCC (multiple layer ceramic capacitor) at the output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 External SOFT_START network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
11
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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List of figures
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List of figures
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Evaluation board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pin connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Internal circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Oscillator circuit block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Current limitation circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Driving circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Block diagram of the loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Error amplifier equivalent circuit and compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Module plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Phase plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Layout example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Short-circuit current VIN = 25 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Short-circuit current VIN = 30 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Evaluation board application circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PCB layout (component side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PCB layout (bottom side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 PCB layout (front side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Junction temperature vs. output current (VCC = 5 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Efficiency vs. output current (VCC= 5 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Junction temperature vs. output current (VCC = 12 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Efficiency vs. output current (VCC=12 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Positive buck-boost regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Buck-boost regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Dual output voltage with auxiliary winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Synchronization example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 MLCC compensation network example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Soft start network example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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Pin functions
1
1.1
Table 1.
N. 1
Pin functions
Pin description
Pin functions
Name OUT Regulator output Master/slave synchronization. When open, a signal synchronous with the turn-OFF of the internal power is present. When connected to an external signal at a frequency higher than the internal one, the device is synchronized by the external signal. Connecting the SYNC pins of two devices, the one with the higher frequency works as master and the other one works as slave. A logical signal (active high) disables the device. With an IHN higher than 2.2 V the device is OFF and with an INH lower than 0.8 V, the device is ON. If INH is not used, the pin must be grounded. When it is open, an internal pull-up disables the device. E/A output to be used for frequency compensation Step-down feedback input. Connecting the output voltage directly to this pin results in an output voltage of 1.235 V. An external resistor divider is required for higher output voltages (the typical value for the resistor connected between this pin and ground is 4.7 k). Reference voltage of 3.3 V. No filter capacitor is needed for stability Ground Unregulated DC input voltage Description
2
SYNC
3
INH
4 5 6 7 8
COMP FB VREF GND VCC
2
Block diagram
Figure 4. Block diagram
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Functional description
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3
Functional description
The main internal blocks are shown in the device block diagram in Figure 4. They are:
A voltage regulator supplying the internal circuitry. From this regulator, a 3.3 V reference voltage is externally available. A voltage monitor circuit which checks the input and the internal voltages. A fully integrated sawtooth oscillator with a frequency of 250 kHz 15%, including also the voltage feed forward function and an input/output synchronization pin. Two embedded current limitation circuits which control the current that flows through the power switch. The pulse-by-pulse current limit forces the power switch OFF cycle by cycle if the current reaches an internal threshold, while the frequency shifter reduces the switching frequency in order to significantly reduce the duty cycle. A transconductance error amplifier. A pulse width modulator (PWM) comparator and the relative logic circuitry necessary to drive the internal power. A high side driver for the internal P-MOS switch. An inhibit block for stand-by operation. A circuit to implement the thermal protection function.
3.1
Power supply & voltage reference
The internal regulator circuit (shown in Figure 5) consists of a start-up circuit, an internal voltage Preregulator, the Bandgap voltage reference and the Bias block that provides current to all the blocks. The Starter supplies the start-up currents to the entire device when the input voltage goes high and the device is enabled (inhibit pin connected to ground). The Preregulator block supplies the Bandgap cell with a preregulated voltage VREG that has a very low supply voltage noise sensitivity.
3.2
Voltages monitor
An internal block continuously senses the Vcc, Vref and Vbg. If the voltages go higher than their thresholds, the regulator begins operating. There is also a hysteresis on the VCC (UVLO). Figure 5. Internal circuit
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Functional description
3.3
Oscillator & synchronizer
Figure 6 shows the block diagram of the oscillator circuit. The Clock Generator provides the switching frequency of the device, which is internally fixed at 250 kHz. The Frequency Shifter block acts to reduce the switching frequency in case of strong overcurrent or short circuit. The clock signal is then used in the internal logic circuitry and is the input of the Ramp Generator and Synchronizer blocks. The Ramp Generator circuit provides the sawtooth signal, used for PWM control and internal voltage feed-forward, while the synchronizer circuit generates the synchronization signal. The device also has a synchronization pin which can work both as Master and Slave. As Master, it serves to synchronize external devices to the internal switching frequency, and as Slave to synchronize itself using an external signal up to 500 kHz. In particular, when connecting together two devices the one with the lower switching frequency works as a Slave and the other as Master. To synchronize the device, the SYNC pin must pass from a low level to a level higher than the synchronization threshold with a duty cycle that can vary from approximately 10% to 90%, depending also on the signal frequency and amplitude. The frequency of the synchronization signal must be, at a minimum, higher than the internal switching frequency of the device (250 kHz). Figure 6. Oscillator circuit block diagram
3.4
Current protection
The L5973D features two types of current limit protection: pulse-by-pulse and frequency foldback. The schematic of the current limitation circuitry for the pulse-by-pulse protection is shown in Figure 7. The output power PDMOS transistor is split into two parallel PDMOS transistors. The smallest one includes a resistor in series, RSENSE. The current is sensed through RSENSE and if it reaches the threshold, the mirror becomes unbalanced and the PDMOS is switched off until the next falling edge of the internal clock pulse. Due to this reduction of the ON time, the output voltage decreases. Since the minimum switch ON time (necessary to avoid false a overcurrent signal) is too short to obtain a sufficiently low duty cycle at 250 kHz, the output current, in strong overcurrent or short circuit conditions, could increase
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Functional description
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again. For this reason the switching frequency is also reduced, thus keeping the inductor current under its maximum threshold. The Frequency Shifter (Figure 6) functions based on the feedback voltage. As the feedback voltage decreases (due to the reduced duty cycle), the switching frequency decreases also. Figure 7. Current limitation circuitry
3.5
Error amplifier
The voltage error amplifier is the core of the loop regulation. It is a transconductance operational amplifier whose non inverting input is connected to the internal voltage reference (1.235 V), while the inverting input (FB) is connected to the external divider or directly to the output voltage. The output (COMP) is connected to the external compensation network. The uncompensated error amplifier has the following characteristics: Table 2. Uncompensated error amplifier characteristics
Description Transconductance Low frequency gain Minimum sink/source voltage Output voltage swing Input bias current Values 2300 S 65dB 1500 A/300 A 0.4 V/3.65 V 2.5 A
The error amplifier output is compared to the oscillator sawtooth to perform PWM control.
3.6
PWM comparator and power stage
This block compares the oscillator sawtooth and the error amplifier output signals to generate the PWM signal for the driving stage. The power stage is a highly critical block, as it functions to guarantee a correct turn ON and turn OFF of the PDMOS. The turn ON of the power element, or more accurately, the rise time of the current at turn ON, is a very critical parameter. At a first approach, it appears that the faster the rise time, the lower the turn ON losses.
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Functional description However, there is a limit introduced by the recovery time of the recirculation diode. In fact, when the current of the power element is equal to the inductor current, the diode turns OFF and the drain of the power is able to go high. But during its recovery time, the diode can be considered a high value capacitor and this produces a very high peak current, responsible for numerous problems:
Spikes on the device supply voltage that cause oscillations (and thus noise) due to the board parasitics. Turn ON overcurrent leads to a decrease in the efficiency and system reliability. Major EMI problems. Shor ter freewheeling diode life.
The fall time of the current during turn OFF is also critical, as it produces voltage spikes (due to the parasitics elements of the board) that increase the voltage drop across the PDMOS. In order to minimize these problems, a new driving circuit topology has been used and the block diagram is shown in Figure 8 . The basic idea is to change the current levels used to turn the power switch ON and OFF, based on the PDMOS and the gate clamp status. This circuitry allows the power switch to be turned OFF and ON quickly and addresses the freewheeling diode recovery time problem. The gate clamp is necessary to ensure that VGS of the internal switch does not go higher than VGSmax. The ON/OFF Control block protects against any cross conduction between the supply line and ground. Figure 8. Driving circuitry
3.7
Inhibit function
The inhibit feature is used to put the device in standby mode. With the INH pin higher than 2.2 V the device is disabled and the power consumption is reduced to less than 100 A. With the INH pin lower than 0.8 V, the device is enabled. If the INH pin is left floating, an internal pull up ensures that the voltage at the pin reaches the inhibit threshold and the device is disabled. The pin is also Vcc compatible.
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Additional features and protection
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3.8
Thermal shutdown
The shutdown block generates a signal that turns OFF the power stage if the temperature of the chip goes higher than a fixed internal threshold (150 C). The sensing element of the chip is very close to the PDMOS area, ensuring fast and accurate temperature detection. A hysteresis of approximately 20 C keeps the device from turning ON and OFF continuously.
4
4.1
Additional features and protection
Feedback disconnection
If the feedback is disconnected, the duty cycle increases towards the maximum allowed value, bringing the output voltage close to the input supply. This condition could destroy the load. To avoid this hazardous condition, the device is turned OFF if the feedback pin is left floating.
4.2
Output overvoltage protection
Over voltage protection, or OVP, is achieved by using an internal comparator connected to the feedback, which turns OFF the power stage when the OVP threshold is reached. This threshold is typically 30% higher than the feedback voltage. When a voltage divider is required to adjust the output voltage (Figure 14), the OVP intervention will be set at: Equation 1
R1 + R2 V O V P = 1.3 · ------------------- · V F B R2
Where R1 is the resistor connected between the output voltage and the feedback pin, and R2 is between the feedback pin and ground.
4.3
Zero load
Due to the fact that the internal power is a PDMOS, no boostrap capacitor is required and so the device works properly even with no load at the output. In this case it works in burst mode, with a random burst repetition rate.
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Closing the loop
5
Closing the loop
Figure 9. Block diagram of the loop
6
Error amplifier and compensation network
The output L-C filter of a step-down converter contributes with 180 degrees phase shift in the control loop. For this reason a compensation network between the COMP pin and GROUND is added. The simplest compensation network together with the equivalent circuit of the error amplifier are shown in Figure 10. RC and CC introduce a pole and a zero in the open loop gain. CP does not significantly affect system stability but it is useful to reduce the noise of the COMP pin. The transfer function of the error amplifier and its compensation network is: Equation 2
A 0 · ( 1 + s · Rc · Cc ) -A 0 ( s ) = --------------------------------------------------------------------------V--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 s · R0 · ( C0 + Cp ) · Rc · Cc + s · ( R0 · Cc + R0 · ( C0 + Cp ) + Rc · Cc ) + 1
Where Avo = Gm · Ro
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LC filter Figure 10. Error amplifier equivalent circuit and compensation network
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The poles of this transfer function are (if Cc >> C0+CP): Equation 3
1 F P 1 = -------------------------------------2 · · R0 · Cc
Equation 4
1 F P 2 = --------------------------------------------------------2 · · Rc · ( C0 + Cp )
whereas the zero is defined as: Equation 5
--F Z 1 = ------------------1----------------2 · · Rc · Cc
FP1 is the low frequency which sets the bandwidth, while the zero FZ1 is usually put near to the frequency of the double pole of the L-C filter (see below). FP2 is usually at a very high frequency.
7
LC filter
The transfer function of the L-C filter is given by: Equation 6
RL O D · ( 1 + E S R · CO U · s ) A L C ( s ) = ----------------------------------------------------------------------A-------------------------------------------------------T-----------------------------------------------------------------------2 s · L · CO U T · ( E S R + RL O A D ) + s · ( E S R · CO U T · RL O A D + L ) + RL O A D
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AN1518 where RLOAD is defined as the ratio between VOUT and IOUT.
PWM comparator
If RLOAD>>ESR, the previous expression of ALC can be simplified and becomes: Equation 7
1 + E S R · CO U · s -A L C ( s ) = ---------------------------------------------------------------T------------------------------2 L · CO U T · s + E S R · CO U T · s + 1
The zero of this transfer function is given by: Equation 8
1 F O = ---------------------------------------------------2 · · E S R · CO U T
F0 is the zero introduced by the ESR of the output capacitor and it is very important to increase the phase margin of the loop. The poles of the transfer function can be calculated through the following expression: Equation 9
2 E S R · C (ESR · C ) 4· L· C OUT OUT OUT F P L C 1, 2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 · L · CO U T
In the denominator of ALC the typical second order system equation can be recognized: Equation 10
s + 2 · · n · s +
2 2 n
If the damping coefficient is very close to zero, the roots of the equation become a double root whose value is n. Similarly for ALC the poles can usually be defined as a double pole whose value is: Equation 11
1 F P L C = ----------------------------------------------2 · · L · CO U T
8
PWM comparator
The PWM gain is given by the following formula: Equation 12
Vc c G P W M ( s ) = ------------------------------------------------------------( VO S C M A X VO S C M I N )
where VOSCMAX is the maximum value of a sawtooth waveform and VOSCMIN is the minimum value. A voltage feed forward is implemented to ensure a constant GPWM. This is obtained by generating a sawtooth waveform directly proportional to the input voltage VCC. Equation 13
VO S C M A X VO S C M I N = K · VC C
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PWM comparator Where K is equal to 0.076. Therefore the PWM gain is also equal to: Equation 14
1 G P W M ( s ) = --- = c o n s t K
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This means that even if the input voltage changes, the error amplifier does not change its value to keep the loop in regulation, thus ensuring a better line regulation and line transient response. In summary, the Open Loop Gain can be expressed as: Equation 15
R2 G ( s ) = G P W M ( s ) · ------------------- · A O ( s ) · A L C ( s ) R1 + R2
Example : Considering RC = 2.7 k CC = 22 nF and CP = 220 pF, the poles and zeroes of A0 are: , FP1 = 9 Hz FP2 = 256 kHz FZ1 = 2.68 kHz If L = 22 H, COUT = 100 F and ESR = 80 m the poles and zeroes of ALC become: , FPLC = 3.39 kHz F0 = 19.89 kHz Finally R1 = 5.6 k and R2 = 3.3 k . The gain and phase bode diagrams are plotted respectively in Figure 11 and Figure 12. Figure 11. Module plot
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AN1518 Figure 12. Phase plot
Application information
The cut-off frequency and the phase margin are: Equation 16
F C = 22.8 K H z Phase margin = 39.8
9
9.1
Application information
Component selection
Input capacitor
The input capacitor must be able to support the maximum input operating voltage and the maximum RMS input current. Since step-down converters draw current from the input in pulses, the input current is squared and the height of each pulse is equal to the output current. The input capacitor has to absorb all this switching current, which can be up to the load current divided by two (worst case, with duty cycle of 50%). For this reason, the quality of these capacitors has to be very high to minimize the power dissipation generated by the internal ESR, thereby improving system reliability and efficiency. The critical parameter is usually the RMS current rating, which must be higher than the RMS input current. The maximum RMS input current (flowing through the input capacitor) is: Equation 17
IR M S = IO · D D 2--·--------- + -------- -- D
2 2
Where is the expected system efficiency, D is the duty cycle and IO is the output DC current. This function reaches its maximum value at D = 0.5 and the equivalent RMS current is equal to IO divided by 2 (considering = 1). The maximum and minimum duty cycles are: Equation 18
VO U T + VF D M A X = -----------------------------------VI N M I N VS W 15/30
Application information and Equation 19
VO U T + VF D M I N = ------------------------------------VI N M A X VS W
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Where VF is the freewheeling diode forward voltage and VSW the voltage drop across the internal PDMOS. Considering the range DMIN to DMAX, it is possible to determine the max IRMS going through the input capacitor. Capacitors that can be considered are: Electrolytic capacitors: These are widely used due to their low price and their availability in a wide range of RMS current ratings. The only drawback is that, considering ripple current rating requirements, they are physically larger than other capacitors. Ceramic capacitors: If available for the required value and voltage rating, these capacitors usually have a higher RMS current rating for a given physical dimension (due to very low ESR). The drawback is the considerably high cost. Tantalum capacitors: Very good, small tantalum capacitors with very low ESR are becoming more available. However, they can occasionally burn if subjected to very high current during charge. Therefore, it is better to avoid this type of capacitor for the input filter of the device. They can, however, be subjected to high surge current when connected to the power supply. Table 3. List of ceramic capacitors for the L597xD
Series C3225 GRM32 MURATA GRM55
Manufacturer TDK
Capacitor value () 10 10 10
Rated voltage (V) 25 25 50
Output capacitor
The output capacitor is very important to meet the output voltage ripple requirement. Using a small inductor value is useful to reduce the size of the choke but it increases the current ripple. So, to reduce the output voltage ripple, a low ESR capacitor is required. Nevertheless, the ESR of the output capacitor introduces a zero in the open loop gain, which helps to increase the phase margin of the system. If the zero goes to a very high frequency, its effect is negligible. For this reason, ceramic capacitors and very low ESR capacitors in general should be avoided. Tantalum and electrolytic capacitors are usually a good choice for this purpose. A list of some tantalum capacitor manufacturers is provided in Table 4.: Output capacitor selection.
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Application information
Table 4.
Output capacitor selection
Series TPS T494/5 TPA/B/C 595D Cap value (F) 100 to 470 100 to 470 100 to 470 220 to 390 Rated voltage (V) 4 to 35 4 to 20 4 to 16 4 to 20 ESR (m) 50 to 200 30 to 200 40 to 80 160 to 650
Manufacturer AVX KEMET Sanyo POSCAP(1)
Sprague
1. POSCAP capacitors have some characteristics which are very similar to tantalum.
Inductor
The inductor value is very important as it fixes the ripple current flowing through the output capacitor. The ripple current is usually fixed at 20-40% of Iomax, which is 0.4 - 0.8 A with IOmax= 2 A. The approximate inductor value is obtained using the following formula: Equation 20
( VI N VO U T ) L = ---------------------------------- · T O N I
where TON is the ON time of the internal switch, given by D · T. For example, with VOUT=3.3 V, VIN= 2 V and IO=0.6 A, the inductor value is about 17 H. The peak current through the inductor is given by: Equation 21
I P K = I O + -I ---2
and it can be observed that if the inductor value decreases, the peak current (which must be lower than the current limit of the device) increases. So, when the peak current is fixed, a higher inductor value allows a higher value for the output current. In the Table 5.: Inductor selection, some inductor manufacturers are listed. Table 5. Inductor selection
Series DO3316 UP1B HM76-3 B82476 74456115 Inductor value (H) 15 to 33 22 to 33 15 to 33 15 to 33 15 to 33 Saturation current (A) 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 2.4 2.5 to 3.3 2 to 3 2.5 to 3
Manufacturer Coilcraft Coiltronics BI Epcos Wur th Elektronik
9.2
Layout considerations
The layout of switching DC-DC converters is very important to minimize noise and interference. Power-generating portions of the layout are the main cause of noise and so high switching current loop areas should be kept as small as possible and lead lengths as short as possible.
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Application information
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High impedance paths (in particular the feedback connections) are susceptible to interference, so they should be as far as possible from the high current paths. An layout example is provided in Figure 13 below. The input and output loops are minimized to avoid radiation and high frequency resonance problems. The feedback pin connections to the external divider are very close to the device to avoid pick-up noise. Another important issue is the groundplane of the board. Since the package has an exposed pad, it is very important to connect it to an extended groundplane in order to reduce the thermal resistance junction-to-ambient. Figure 13. Layout example
COMPENSATION NETWORK FAR FROM HIGH CURRENT PATHS
EXTENDED GROUNDPLANE ON THE BOTTOM SIDE
to output voltage
MINIMUN SIZE OF FEEDBACK PIN CONNECTIONS TO AVOID PICKUP
Inhibit signal
R2 5 R1 8 L5973D Vin Cin 1 Vout D Cout Gnd 4 L
VERY SMALL HIGH CURRENT CIRCULATING PATH TO MINIMIZE RADIATION AND HIGH FREQUENCY RESONANCE PROBLEMS
OUTPUT CAPACITOR DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO HEAVY GROUND
CONNECTION TO GROUNDPLANE THROUGH VIAS
9.3
Thermal considerations
The dissipated power of the device is tied to three different sources:
Switching losses due to the not insignificant RDSON, which are equal to:
2
Equation 22
PO N = RD S O N · ( IO U T ) · D
Where D is the duty cycle of the application. Note that the duty cycle is theoretically given by the ratio between VOUT and VIN, but in practice it is substantially higher than this value to compensate for the losses in the overall application. For this reason, the switching losses related to the RDSON increase compared to an ideal case.
Switching losses due to turning ON and OFF. These are derived using the following equation:
Equation 23
( TO N + TO F F ) P S W = V I N · I O U T · ----------------------------------- · F S W = V I N · I O U T · T S W · F S W 2
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Application information Where TON and TOFF are the overlap times of the voltage across the power switch and the current flowing into it during the turn ON and turn OFF phases. TSW is the equivalent switching time.
Quiescent current losses.
Equation 24
PQ = VI N · IQ
Where IQ is the quiescent current. Example: V IN = 5 V VOUT = 3.3 V IOUT = 2 A
RDSON has a typical value of 0.25 @ 25 C and increases up to a maximum value of 0.5. @ 150 C. We can consider a value of 0.4 . TSW is approximately 70 ns. IQ has a typical value of 2.5 mA @ VIN = 12 V. The overall losses are: Equation 25
PT O T = RD S O N · ( IO U T ) · D + VI N · IO U T · TS W · FS W + VI N · IQ = = 0.4 · 2 · 0.7 + 5 · 2 · 70 · 10
2 9 2
· 250 · 10
3
+ 5 · 2.5 · 10
3
1, 3 W
The junction temperature of device will be: Equation 26
TJ = TA + R t hJ A · PT O T
Where TA is the ambient temperature and RthJ-A is the thermal resistance junction-toambient. Considering that the device is mounted on board with a good groundplane, that it has a thermal resistance junction-to-ambient (RthJ-A) of about 42 C/W, and an ambient temperature of about 70 C: Equation 27
T J = 70 + 1.3 · 42 125 C
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9.4
Short-circuit protection
In overcurrent protection mode, when the peak current reaches the current limit, the device reduces the TON down to its minimum value (approximately 250 nsec) and the switching frequency to approximately one third of its nominal value (see Section 3.4: Current protection). In these conditions, the duty cycle is strongly reduced and, in most applications, this is enough to limit the current to ILIM. In any event, in case of heavy short-circuit at the output (VO=0 V) and depending on the application conditions (Vcc value and parasitic effect of external components) the current peak could reach values higher than ILIM. This can be understood considering the inductor current ripple during the ON and OFF phases:
ON phase
Equation 28
( VI N Vo u t D C RL · I ) I L = ------------------------------------------------------------- = T O N L
OFF phase
Equation 29
( VD Vo u t D C RL · I ) I L = ----------------------------------------------------------- = T O F F L
where VD is the voltage drop across the diode and DCRL is the series resistance of the inductor. In short-circuit conditions, VOUT is negligible. So during TOFF, the voltage applied to the inductor is very small and it could occur that the current ripple in this phase does not compensate for the current ripple during TON. The maximum current peak can be easily measured through the inductor with VO = 0 V (short-circuit) and VCC=VINMAX. In cases where application must sustain the short-circuit condition for an extended period, the external components (mainly the inductor and diode) must be selected based on this value. Figure 14. Short-circuit current VIN = 25 V
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AN1518 Figure 15. Short-circuit current VIN = 30 V
Application information
In Figure 14 and Figure 15, for example, it can be observed that when the input voltage increases for a given component list, the current peak increases also. The current limit is immediately triggered but the current peak increases until the current ripple during TOFF is equal to the current ripple during TON.
9.5
Application circuit
Figure 16 shows the evaluation board application circuit, where the input supply voltage, VCC, can range from 4.4 V to 25 V due to the voltage rating of the input capacitor, and the output voltage is adjustable from 1.235 V to VCC. Figure 16. Evaluation board application circuit
Table 6.
Component list
Part number GRM32DR61E106KA12L POSCAP 6TPB330M Description 10 F, 25 V 330 F, 6.3 V Manufacturer Murata Sanyo
Reference C1 C2
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Application information Table 6. Component list (continued)
Part number C1206C221J5GAC C1206C223K5RAC Description 220 pF, 5%, 50 V 22 nF, 10%, 50 V 5.6 k 1%, 0.1 W 0603 , 3.3 k 1%, 0.1 W 0603 , 4.7 k 1%, 0.1 W 0603 , STPS2L25U DO3316P-153 2 A, 25 V 15 H, 3 A
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Reference C3 C4 R1 R2 R3 D1 L1
Manufacturer KEMET KEMET Neohm Neohm Neohm STMicroelectronics Coilcraft
Figure 17. PCB layout (component side)
L5973D
EVAL.BOARD R2 REF R1 C3 VIN U1 VOUT C1 GND
www.st.com
R INH L1 SYN
R3 C4
D1 C2 GND.
Figure 18. PCB layout (bottom side)
SL
OGIR 7002-peS-12 MOTTOB
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Application information
LC
TOP 21-Sep-2007 RIGO
Below, some graphs are provided which show the Tj versus output current in different input and output voltage conditions, as well as some efficiency measurements.
Figure 20. Junction temperature vs. output current (VCC = 5 V)
Figure 21. Efficiency vs. output current (VCC= 5 V)
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Application information Figure 22. Junction temperature vs. output current (VCC = 12 V) Figure 23. Efficiency vs. output current (VCC=12 V)
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Application ideas
10
10.1
Application ideas
Positive buck-boost regulator
The device can be used to implement a step-up/down converter with a positive output voltage. The figure below shows the schematic circuit of this topology for a 12 V output voltage. The input voltage can range from 5 V and 35 V. The output voltage is given by VO=VIN · D/ (1-D), where D is the duty cycle. The maximum output current is given by IOUT=1× (1-D). The current capability is reduced by the term (1-D) and so, for example, with a duty cycle of 0.5, and considering on average current through the switch of 2 A, the maximum output current deliverable to the load is 1 A. This is due to the fact that the current flowing through the internal power switch is delivered to the output only during the OFF phase. Figure 24. Positive buck-boost regulator
10.2
Buck-boost regulator
In Figure 25, the schematic circuit for a standard buck-boost topology is shown. The output voltage is given by VO=-VIN · D/(1-D). The maximum output current is equal to IOUT=1 · (1-D), for the same reason as that of the up/down converter. An important thing to take into account is that the ground pin of the device is connected to the negative output voltage. Therefore, the device is subjected to a voltage equal to VIN-VO, which must be lower than 36 V (the maximum operating input voltage).
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Application ideas Figure 25. Buck-boost regulator
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10.3
Dual output voltage with auxiliary winding
When two output voltages are required, it is possible to create a dual output voltage converter by using a coupled inductor. During the ON phase, the current is delivered to VOUT while D2 is reverse-biased. During the OFF phase, the current is delivered, through the auxiliary winding, to the output voltage VOUT1. This is possible only if the magnetic core has stored sufficient energy. So, to be certain that the application is working properly, the load related to the second output VOUT1 should be much lower than the load related to VOUT. Figure 26. Dual output voltage with auxiliary winding
10.4
Synchronization example
Two or more devices (up to 6) can be synchronized simply by connecting the synchronization pins. In this case, the device with a slightly higher switching frequency value will work as a master and the ones with slightly lower switching frequency values will work as slaves. The device can also be synchronized from an external source. In this case the logic signal must have a frequency higher than the internal switching frequency of the device (250 kHz).
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Application ideas
10.5
Compensation network with MLCC (multiple layer ceramic capacitor) at the output
MLCCs with values in the range of 10 F-22 F and rated voltages in the range of 10 V-25 V are available today at relatively low cost from many manufacturers. These capacitors have very low ESR values (a few m) and thus are occasionally used for the output filter in order to reduce the voltage ripple and the overall size of the application. However, a very low ESR value affects the compensation of the loop (see Section 5) and in order to keep the system stable, a more complicated compensation network may be required. The figure below shows an example of a compensation network stabilizing the system with ceramic capacitors at the output (the optimum component value depends on the application). Figure 28. MLCC compensation network example
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10.6
External SOFT_START network
At start-up the device can quickly increase the current up to the current limit in order to charge the output capacitor. If soft ramp-up of the output voltage is required, an external soft-start network can be implemented as shown in Figure 29. The capacitor C is charged up to an external reference through R and the BJT clamps the COMP pin. This clamps the duty cycle, limiting the slew rate of the output voltage. Figure 29. Soft start network example
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Revision history
11
Revision history
Table 7.
Date 07-Sep-2003 05-Oct-2006 22-May-2007 31-Jan-2008
Document revision history
Revision 1 2 3 4 First release New template Table 3 added Section 5: Closing the loop modified Minor text changes Document title modified Changes
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